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In this study surface-modified nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) was used at low levels (0.5 to1.5 wt%) as a reinforcement in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix. The modified-NFC–PVA composite films prepared using the solution casting technique showed improved mechanical performance. Birch pulp cellulose was initially modified by allylation using a solvent-free, dry modification method followed by subsequent...
Conifers, which are the most abundant biomass species in Nordic countries, USA, Canada and Russia, exhibit strong resistance towards depolymerization by cellulolytic enzymes. At present, it is still not possible to isolate a single structural feature which would govern the rate and degree of enzymatic hydrolysis. On the other hand, the forest residues alone represent an important potential for biochemical...
To investigate changes on the physicochemical characteristics of wheat straw by mechanical ultrafine grinding, wheat straw powders of four different particle sizes and distributions were produced using a sieve-based Retsch ZM100 grind mill and CJM-SY-B ultrafine vibration grind mill. Changes on the microstructure and physicochemical characteristics of the different powders were assessed by scanning...
Potato starch processing waste is causing serious environmental problems. This study aimed to convert potato starch processing waste into single-cell protein as high-quality feed using a two-step fermentation process. The mutant strain Aspergillus niger H3 was selected after UV irradiation and ethyl methyl sulfone mutagenesis for more cellulase production. The activities of sodium carboxymethyl cellulase...
Highly crystalline oriented Halocynthia roretzi cellulose Iβ films were investigated by IR-spectroscopy between −180 and +10 °C. Changes in the IR-spectra induced by temperature were compared to published changes induced by mechanical stretching. This made it possible to conclude that frequency shifts in the O–H stretching region of the IR-spectra due to temperature were not predominantly an indirect...
We have modified the standard sulphuric acid hydrolysis method for the production of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) to successfully isolate a novel, highly crystalline cellulose material from the spent liquor of CNCs. The novel material has a cellulose II crystal structure that is distinctly different from the cellulose I crystal structure of CNCs. The modified method uses a shorter time for the hydrolysis,...
The dissociation behavior of the crystalline cellulose polymorphs Iβ, II, IIII, and IVI (Cell Iβ, etc.) at 503 K and 100 bar was studied by molecular dynamics simulation, and the mechanism of the experimental liquefaction during treatment with hot-compressed water was elucidated. The results showed that the mini-crystals of Cell Iβ and Cell IVI exhibited similar resistance to dissociation, which implies...
Cationic ramie yarn was prepared using a 2,3-epoxypropytrimethylammonium chloride agent. Subsequently, original and cationic ramie yarns were dyed in liquid ammonia with triazinyl reactive dyes (C.I. reactive orange 5, C.I. reactive red 2, and C.I. reactive green 19). The dyeing time was varied from 10 to 600 s with 10 % dye on mass of fabric (o.m.f) and dyeing concentration ranged from 1 to 100 %...
Leaf stalks (petioles) are critical components of the vascular system that conducts water from the roots to the photosynthetic apparatus of most green plants. Helical coiled cellulosic microfibrils that reinforce the tracheary elements in plant leaf petioles were isolated by a gentle treatment with alkali and acid chlorite from celery and from a number of tree species, including sugar maple, London...
Pretreatment has been viewed as the most efficient strategy for lignocellulosic biomass-to-fermentable sugars conversion. In this study a novel pretreatment with acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) and FeCl3 was proposed and tested to deconstruct the recalcitrance of corn stover and enhance its subsequent cellulose-to-sugar conversion. The effects of AEW pH and FeCl3 concentration on hemicellulose degradation...
This article describes the first observation of crystallization-induced microphase separation in thin film and bulk cellulose triacetate-block-poly(γ-benzyl-l-glutamate) (PBLG) [cellulose triacetate (CTA)-b-PBLG] via copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) between azido-functionalized CTA at the reducing end and alkyne-functionalized PBLG at the C-terminus. The reactivity of the amino...
The capacity of dissolving pulp to react with carbon disulfide under the defined conditions, known as the “Fock reactivity,” is an important parameter in determining the processability, end-product quality, and environmental impact in downstream rayon production. This study was aimed at improving the reactivity of kraft-based dissolving pulp by mechanical treatments, such as grinding and PFI refining,...
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a nanofibrous biocompatible scaffold used in bone tissue engineering. Graphene oxide/hydroxyapatite (GOHA) composite supports the adhesion of osteoblast cells with good viability. In the present study, GOHA was prepared by the wet chemical precipitation method, and BC obtained from Acetobacter aceti was added to the aqueous suspension of GOHA to prepare GOHABC. The scanning...
Periodate–chlorite oxidized bleached hardwood kraft pulp fibre samples with six levels of charge densities ranging from 0.5 to 1.8 mmol/g were gradually disintegrated to microfibrils using a high-shear homogenizer. The disintegration kinetics and mechanisms were studied by a flow fractionation method, and the properties of the resulting particles were determined using low shear viscosity and transmittance...
Viscose fibers were treated with atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma obtained in nitrogen in order to activate the fiber surface prior to sorption of the divalent ions Ca2+ and Cu2+. Methylene blue sorption was used for estimation of carboxyl group formation on the surface after DBD plasma treatment, through the degree of fabric staining (K/S). Sorption of divalent ions...
In the present study, a novel enzyme-based grafting of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] onto the ethyl cellulose (EC) as a backbone polymer was developed under a mild and ecofriendly environment and laccase was used as a grafting tool. The resulting composites were characterised using various instrumental and imaging techniques. The high intensity of the 3,358 cm−1 band in the FTIR spectra showed...
Nanocellulose is an interesting building block for functional materials and has gained considerable interest due to its mechanical robustness, large surface area and biodegradability. It can be formed into various structures such as solids, films and gels such as hydrogels and aerogels and combined with polymers or other materials to form composites. Mechanical, optical and barrier properties of nanofibrillated...
In this study, in situ synthesis of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HA)/cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) organic–inorganic biocomposite porous scaffolds is reported. The effect of the CNC content on the properties of the biocomposite scaffold was investigated and characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction...
Cellulose from higher plants is usually thought to be a composite of the Iα and Iβ allomorphs, with predominance of the latter. Instead of the pure allomorphs, this article proposes that Iα and Iβ stacking patterns coexist within each crystallite, forming a type of crystallographic defect known as stacking fault. Models of faulted crystallites are constructed with mixed Iα–Iβ stacking and their X-ray...
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) was obtained from bamboo pulp via ultrasonication-assisted FeCl3-catalyzed hydrolysis process, with parameters optimized by response surface methodology. The optimal parameters were reaction temperature: 107 °C, reaction time: 58 min, ultrasonication time: 186 min. The morphological, crystal structural, chemical structural and thermal features of the prepared cellulose...
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